Great Famine (Ireland) - Wikipedia. The Great Famine (Irish: an Gorta M. It is sometimes referred to, mostly outside Ireland, as the Irish Potato Famine, because about two- fifths of the population was solely reliant on this cheap crop for a number of historical reasons. During the famine, approximately one million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland, causing the island's population to fall by between 2. Founded in 2001, Legend Films is the pioneer and recognized leader in the restoration and colorization of classic black-and-white films. The proprietary technology we utilize represents some of the most advanced colorization and restoration processes in the world. Of superior quality, skill, or appearance: a fine day; a fine wine. Excellent in character or ability: a fine person; a fine writer. Very small in size, weight, or thickness: fine type; fine paper. Free from impurities. Papa is a word used in many languages as an affectionate term for father (or less frequently, grandfather). Papa or PAPA may also refer to: Philosophy: A category of Karma in Jainism People: Papa (nickname), a list of people Papa (surname) Papa (bishop) (3rd. At the turn of the century in a small Texas town an amiable family man gets in a scrape when he drinks too much. As a 12-year-old boy, Donn Fendler (August 29, 1926-October 10, 2016) got lost while hiking Maine’s tallest mountain in 1939. He made his way down the mountain and through the woods to the east branch of the Penobscot River, where he was found more than 30. Douglas Fowler Although John Crowe Ransom's 'Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter' has been widely admired and anthologized since its publication in 1924, commentators seem to have had difficulty describing, in this instance, the nature of the poet's achievement. The proximate cause of famine was Phytophthora infestans, a potato disease commonly known as potato blight, which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1. However, the impact in Ireland was disproportionate, as one third of the population was dependent on the potato for a range of ethnic, religious, political, social, and economic reasons, such as land acquisition, absentee landlords, and the Corn Laws, which all contributed to the disaster to varying degrees and remain the subject of intense historical debate. The famine was a watershed in the history of Ireland, which was then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The famine and its effects permanently changed the island's demographic, political, and cultural landscape. For both the native Irish and those in the resulting diaspora, the famine entered folk memory. The already strained relations between many Irish and the British Crown soured further, heightening ethnic and sectarian tensions, and boosting Irish nationalism and republicanism in Ireland and among Irish emigrants in the United States and elsewhere. Causes and contributing factors. Since the Acts of Union in January 1. Ireland had been part of the United Kingdom with executive power lying in the hands of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Chief Secretary for Ireland, appointed by the British government. Ireland sent 1. 05 members of parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, and Irishrepresentative peers elected 2. House of Lords. Between 1. Irish representatives were landowners or the sons of landowners. In the 4. 0 years that followed the union, successive British governments grappled with the problems of governing a country which had, as Benjamin Disraeli put it in 1. The laws had largely been reformed by 1. Roman Catholic Relief Act 1. Irish Catholics to again sit in parliament. Landlords and tenants. During the 1. 8th century, the . Rent collection was left in the hands of the landlords' agents, or middlemen. This assured the landlord of a regular income, and relieved them of direct responsibility, while leaving tenants open to exploitation by the middlemen. Catholics, the bulk of whom lived in conditions of poverty and insecurity despite Catholic emancipation in 1. Some of their estates were vast; for example, the Earl of Lucan owned over 6. Many of these landlords lived in England and were known as absentee landlords. They established a Royal Commission, chaired by the Earl of Devon, to enquire into the laws regarding the occupation of land. Daniel O'Connell described this commission as . In February 1. 84. Devon reported: It would be impossible adequately to describe the privations which they . There was no hereditary loyalty, feudal tie, or mitigating tradition of paternalism as existed in England (Ireland was a conquered country). The Earl of Clare observed of landlords that . According to the historian Cecil Woodham- Smith, landlords regarded the land as simply a source of income, from which as much as possible was to be extracted. The rents from Ireland were generally spent elsewhere; an estimated . They were described in evidence before the Commission as . The middlemen leased large tracts of land from the landlords on long leases with fixed rents, which they then sublet as they saw fit. They would split a holding into smaller and smaller parcels so as to increase the amount of rent they could obtain. Tenants could be evicted for reasons such as non- payment of rents (which were high), or the decision of a landlord to raise sheep instead of grain crops. The cottier paid his rent by working for the landlord. As any improvement made on a holding by a tenant became the property of the landlord when the lease expired or was terminated, the incentive to make improvements was limited. Most tenants had no security of tenure on the land; as tenants . The only exception to this arrangement was in Ulster where, under a practice known as . According to Woodham- Smith, the commission stated that . Woodham- Smith writes that, in these circumstances, . Holdings were so small that no crop other than potatoes would suffice to feed a family. Shortly before the famine the British government reported that poverty was so widespread that one- third of all Irish small holdings could not support their families after paying their rent, except by earnings of seasonal migrant labour in England and Scotland. Following the famine, reforms were implemented making it illegal to further divide land holdings. The 1. 84. 1 census showed a population of just over eight million. Two- thirds of those depended on agriculture for their survival, but they rarely received a working wage. They had to work for their landlords in return for the patch of land they needed to grow enough food for their own families. This was the system which forced Ireland and its peasantry into monoculture, since only the potato could be grown in sufficient quantity. The rights to a plot of land in Ireland could mean the difference between life and death in the early 1. Potato dependency. The potato was introduced to Ireland as a garden crop of the gentry. By the late 1. 7th century, it had become widespread as a supplementary rather than a principal food because the main diet still revolved around butter, milk, and grain products. However, in the first two decades of the 1. Furthermore, a disproportionate share of the potatoes grown in Ireland were of a single variety, the Irish Lumper. The large dependency on this single crop, and the lack of genetic variability among the potato plants in Ireland, were two of the reasons why the emergence of Phytophthora infestans had such devastating effects in Ireland and less severe effects elsewhere in Europe. For the labourer, it was essentially a potato wage that shaped the expanding agrarian economy. The expansion of tillage led to an inevitable expansion of the potato acreage and an expansion of peasant farmers. By 1. 84. 1, there were over half a million peasant farmers, with 1. The principal beneficiary of this system was the English consumer. The Celtic grazing lands of.. Ireland had been used to pasture cows for centuries. The British colonised.. The British taste for beef had a devastating impact on the impoverished and disenfranchised people of.. Eventually, cows took over much of Ireland, leaving the native population virtually dependent on the potato for survival. The potato was also used extensively as a fodder crop for livestock immediately prior to the famine. Approximately 3. 3% of production, amounting to 5,0. General crop failures, through disease or frost, were recorded in 1. In 1. 82. 1 and 1. Munster and Connaught. In 1. 83. 0 and 1. Mayo, Donegal, and Galway suffered likewise. In 1. 83. 2, 1. 83. Ulster. Widespread failures throughout Ireland occurred in 1. According to Woodham- Smith, . A likely source was the eastern United States, where in 1. Ships from Baltimore, Philadelphia, or New York City could have brought diseased potatoes to European ports. Paddock suggests that it was transported on potatoes being carried to feed passengers on clipper ships sailing from America to Ireland. Once introduced, it spread rapidly. By mid- August 1. Europe; Belgium, The Netherlands, northern France, and southern England had all been stricken. On 1. 6 August 1. The Gardeners' Chronicle and Horticultural Gazette reported . A week later, on 2. August, it reported that . In Belgium the fields are said to be completely desolated. There is hardly a sound sample in Covent Garden market .. As for cure for this distemper, there is none. On 1. 1 September, the Freeman's Journal reported on . Only when the crop was lifted in October did the scale of destruction become apparent. Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel wrote to Sir James Graham in mid- October that he found the reports . The Mansion House Committee in Dublin, to which hundreds of letters were directed from all over Ireland, claimed on 1. November 1. 84. 5 to have ascertained beyond the shadow of doubt that . By December, a third of a million destitute people were employed in public works. Seed potatoes were scarce in 1. Little had been sown, so, despite average yields, hunger continued. Since over three million Irish people were totally dependent on potatoes for food, hunger and famine were inevitable. Reaction in Ireland. The Corporation of Dublin sent a memorial to the Queen, . The Town Council of Belfast met and made similar suggestions, but neither body asked for charity, according to John Mitchel, one of the leading Repealers. Lord Heytesbury told them not to be alarmed, that they . One of the first things he suggested was the introduction of . O'Connell then pointed out the means used by the Belgian legislature during the same season: shutting their ports against the export of provisions, but opening them to imports. He suggested that, if Ireland had a domestic Parliament, the ports would be thrown open and the abundant crops raised in Ireland would be kept for the people of Ireland. O'Connell maintained that only an Irish parliament would provide for the people both food and employment, saying that a repeal of the Act of Union was a necessity and Ireland's only hope. Mitchel raised the issue of the . His view was that, however the government may differ about feeding the Irish people, . It established the widespread view that the treatment of the famine by the British was a deliberate murder of the Irish, and it contained the famous phrase: . Despite this, Ireland's elected representatives seemed powerless to act on the country's behalf as Members of the British Parliament.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
January 2017
Categories |